MAIN WEATHER AND CLIMATE TRAITS IN THE NORTHEN HEMISPHERE AS OF OCTOBER 2019
Air Temperature
Cold weather that invaded the ETR at the end of September lasted there for the whole first decade of October. The temperature background to the north-west of Moscow remained below normal, with -1…-2° anomalies in some places. At the same time, the temperature to the south of the capital was generally balancing close to the normal value, and sometimes even reached new record-breaking maxima in the Crimea.
Further on, the temperature close to the normal value or below it persevered in the Russian North only, while the rest of the ETR exhibited large heat anomalies (up to +4…5° and more). Until the end of the month, new unprecedented maxima of air temperatures were reported in the Central, Volga and Southern Federal Districts. This October was the warmest one in Central Russia since 1967, and its average temperature occupies the 4th place in the list of highest values recorded in the meteorological chronicle since 1891.
MAIN WEATHER AND CLIMATE TRAITS IN THE NORTHEN HEMISPHERE AS OF SEPTEMBER 2019
Air Temperature
In the ETR, the weather was abnormally warm in the first decade of September only. From the Barents Sea to the Sea of Azov, the decade-averaged air temperatures exceeded the normal values by 3-4° or more. During this period, new daily maxima of temperatures were recorded in the Murmansk, Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Leningrad, Pskov, Yaroslavl, Moscow and Tula Regions as well as in the Republic of Karelia.
In the second decade, the anomalies subsided and the temperature background normalised in most of the ETR, whereas in the third decade, the colds suddenly arrived so that the resulting decade-averaged temperature amounted to 2-4° below the normal value. Absolute temperature minima were recorded in the Lower Volga Region, frosts came to Central Russia, and new record-breaking colds were observed in certain regions.
In overall, the temperature distribution in most of the ETR was close to normal in September. The Volga Federal District and partially the South Federal District were the only areas where the weather was noticeably colder than usual. Since the beginning of the century, such cold September in the former District was only observed in 2008. In the Orenburg Region, the monthly-averaged air temperature was two or more degrees below its normal value.